Reading must be taught explicitly and systematically (highly structured and highly sequenced) (National Reading Panel).

We know how the brain learns to read (Dehaene). Reading comprehension is a product of word recognition and language comprehension. Both are essential (Scarborough, Gough, and Tunme, Ehri). Both must be explicitly taught and used simultaneously for comprehension to occur.

"Phonics instruction should continue through the elementary grades (TK-5) to build deep and secure neural systems for sight word recognition" (Kilpatrick, Ehri). Each grade level focuses on different aspects of word recognition moving through a systematic phonics sequence. (See California Reading Foundations Standards.)

Teaching reading is rocket science (Moats). The evidence on teaching reading includes explicit instruction in phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension (National Reading Panel).

Teaching sound to letter correspondence is essential (Kilpatrick, Moats, National Reading Panel).  "Whole-word reading is a myth". The brain processes every single letter and does not look at the whole word shape (Dehaene).

Language is the foundation of comprehension. Language skills include utilizing prior knowledge, a robust vocabulary, the ability to make inferences, and the ability to utilize morphology, text structure, and syntax to aid in comprehension (Scarborough, Gough, and Tunme, Ehri).

Strong phonological skills are the foundation for learning to read and write (Adams, Kilpatrick, National Reading Panel)

Use diagnostic and progress monitoring assessment data to inform instructional decisions.

Create a safe learning environment for students that embraces student differences, relationships, and risk-taking. Learning to read is difficult and students will need an environment that is supportive, safe, and welcoming (Hammond, 2019).

The three brain networks that are essential to learning are the recognition, strategic, and affective networks (CAST, 2018). The Universal Design principles help us design learning environments that work for all of our students.

Each of the reading ropes works together in strong readers. If one or more of the reading ropes are frayed, there is a potential for reading difficulty. Diagnostic reading assessments are key to determining how to strengthen all of the ropes.